Wednesday, August 22, 2012

STOCKHOLM: Parents held after daughter cut

The Local (Sweden)
August 19, 2012

Parents held over genital mutilation

A man and a woman have been remanded into custody by Attunda district court in Sollentuna on suspicion of having subjected their daughter to female genital mutilation (FGM).

The couple who are both in their 30s are suspected of having allowed the procedure to be carried out on their 3-year-old sometime between January and April 2012 in either Sweden or Gambia.

Female genital mutilation has been illegal in Sweden since 1982. Since 1999 it is an offence even if the procedure is performed in a different country and carries a penalty of up to four years imprisonment.

...

During the almost 30 years that FGM has been banned in Sweden, only 46 suspected cases have been reported, according to a report from Uppsala University published last year.

...

Only two people have been convicted for female genital mutilation, and in both cases it was the afflicted girls themselves who raised the alarm.

...

KENYA: -PRISONERS- being circumcised

Voices of Africa
August 19, 2012

KENYA PRISONERS BENEFITS FROM MALE CIRCUMCISION

By Maurice Alal
Prisoners in Nyanza Province of Kenya are currently benefiting from Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) as one of the educational programmes aimed at reducing HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the area.

The programme, which is an initiative of the government with various health partners in the world, targets the prisoners, fishermen among others who have not gone for the cut.

The demand for male circumcision in prisons is overwhelming because the prisoners are the most neglected and at risk of HIV infections. This is because of various behaviors in these institutions. [Yes, behaviours over which circumcision can have NO EFFECT.]
 
"There are a lot of sexual activities such as homosexuals that exposes prisoners to high rate of infections. [... and probably IV drug use] The prisoners come from different areas with unknown backgrounds," said the Social Mobilizer, Dan Aketch of Impact Research Development Organization.
But Aketch noted with regret that the traditional practices by Luo community have been a stumbling block towards ensuring that the spread of the disease is reduced.

Some of the stumbling block included wife inheritance which the community continue to adore and should be abolished immediately especially at the beaches where the practice is rampant.

However, Nyanza Province Aids Prevention and STIs Coordinator Dr. Charles Okal asked the prisoners to embrace circumcision and behaviourial change to make sure they stick to one partner as a measure of bringing down the high rate of the scourge at the beaches and prisons.

"Male circumcision in prisons is on the right track and over 3000 prisoners have been cut so far," Dr. Okal disclosed, expressing hope that 90% target will be achieved the end of 2013.

He however warned the prisoners who have undergone the cut to guard against the unprotected sex especially those who have served their jail term pointing out that male circumcision does not prevent one from the scourge infections but only reduces it by 60%.

The medic urged the prisons management to carry out voluntary counseling and testing and distribute condoms to prisoners especially those that have serve the jail term when leaving for home.

"It is encouraging that circumcision has been impressed by prisoners making turnout very high. If this continues the government will be able to breathe a sigh of relief," Dr. Okal stated.

This has prompted the government in collaboration with other organization such as Impact Research, Centre of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and Nyarami to expand on VMMC alongside counseling and testing.

According to HIV Counseling and testing officer of Nyarami in Migori district, Mr. Dennis Owuor most prisoners are very happy of the voluntary counseling and testing that is carried out in the prisons department.

"Most of the prisoners after serving their jail term come to the facility to take condoms for protection. This is because when in prisons they do not know their partners HIV status," Owuor said.

...

However, a quarter of over 260, 000 men who have been circumcised in Nyanza since 2008 through Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision reducing chances of HIV infection by 60% are prisoners, Dr. Okal revealed.

[It seems clear that Dr. Okal has no idea how circumcision is supposed to prevent HIV, and is a victim of magical thinking.]
 
...

PUERTO RICO: No benefit from circumcision for HIV, STDS

Journal of Sexual Medicine
August 15, 2012

Puero Rico: Circumcision not protective

Circumcision does not protect men against HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases, according to a study conducted in Puerto Rico.


The 660 men were randomly sampled from an STD clinic waiting room. Almost a third of them were circumcised.

The circumcised men reported significantly (but not greatly) more STDs in their lifetimes, were more likely to have been diagnosed with warts, and were more likely to have HIV.

J Sex Med. 2012 Aug 15. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02871.x. [Epub ahead of print]
More than Foreskin: Circumcision Status, History of HIV/STI, and Sexual Risk in a Clinic-Based Sample of Men in Puerto Rico.
Rodriguez-Diaz CE, Clatts MC, Jovet-Toledo GG, Vargas-Molina RL, Goldsamt LA, García H.
Abstract
Introduction. Circumcision among adult men has been widely promoted as a strategy to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission risk. However, much of the available data derive from studies conducted in Africa, and there is as yet little research in the Caribbean region where sexual transmission is also a primary contributor to rapidly escalating HIV incidence.
Aim. In an effort to fill the void of data from the Caribbean, the objective of this article is to compare history of sexually transmitted infections (STI) and HIV diagnosis in relation to circumcision status in a clinic-based sample of men in Puerto Rico.
Methods. Data derive from an ongoing epidemiological study being conducted in a large STI/HIV prevention and treatment center in San Juan in which 660 men were randomly selected from the clinic's waiting room.
Main Outcome Measures. We assessed the association between circumcision status and self-reported history of STI/HIV infection using logistic regressions to explore whether circumcision conferred protective benefit.
Results. Almost a third (32.4%) of the men were circumcised (CM). Compared with uncircumcised (UC) men, CM have accumulated larger numbers of STI in their lifetime (CM = 73.4% vs. UC = 65.7%; P = 0.048), have higher rates of previous diagnosis of warts (CM = 18.8% vs. UC = 12.2%; P = 0.024), and were more likely to have HIV infection (CM = 43.0% vs. UC = 33.9%; P = 0.023). Results indicate that being CM predicted the likelihood of HIV infection (P value = 0.027).
Conclusions. These analyses represent the first assessment of the association between circumcision and STI/HIV among men in the Caribbean. While preliminary, the data indicate that in and of itself, circumcision did not confer significant protective benefit against STI/HIV infection. [Actually, what the the data indicate is that intactness confers significant protection, compared to being circumcised.] Findings suggest the need to apply caution in the use of circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy, particularly in settings where more effective combinations of interventions have yet to be fully implemented. [They actually suggest that circumcision should not be used because it is not a prevention strategy.] ...

IRAQ: Twin boys lose penises to gangrene

Two young lives ruined to no purpose

Iraq Updates
August 14, 2012

Twin Boys' Genitals Amputated After Circumcision Op Goes Wrong

By Bryar Mohammed
Erbil - Two three-year-old twin brothers have had their genitals amputated after a circumcision operation went horribly wrong in Khanaqin.
Khanaqin hospital media official Arian Qader said: "Unfortunately an unwanted incident occurred while circumcising the two boys. After the operation went wrong, their penises were amputated. Now they urinate using plastic tubes."
Qader said the doctor and assistant amputated the kids' genitals by mistake.
The official added: "When you circumcise a boy, there is a small tool in our hospital that looks like an iron for amputating a small part of the skin on the top of the penis."

Could he mean a Gomco Clamp?
Gomco Clamp
"After the incident, both kids got gangrene, the disease of infection of the wound."
The genitals were ironed more than the normal procedure requires and this led to infection. The boys' penises were later amputated.
The kids are Arab from Baladruz. Their father has registered a lawsuit against the doctor (I.A) and assistant.
Gangrene is a serious and life-threatening condition that arises when a considerable mass of body tissue dies after an injury or infection.

Sunday, August 19, 2012

MALAWI: Circum-raped - to use foreskin for ritual?



This is as bad as rape.
The Weekend Times (Malawi)
August 17, 2012

Man's foreskin goes missing

[A belittling headline]
By Howard Mlozi
A man in Mangochi, on the southern tip of Lake Malawi, Stanley Kalonga woke up to a shocking sight of a missing foreskin from his member after two men forcefully circumcised him.

Police in Mangochi are keeping in custody the two men, 52-year-old Lanjesi Adam and Ali Suwedi, 43, who allegedly wounded the 29-year-old man amid speculation that the foreskin would be used for rituals.

Police spokesperson for Eastern Region Thomeck Nyaude said the incident happened on August 8 near Ntagaluka Mosque in Mangochi.

“Adam and Suwedi are currently in custody waiting for a court trial in which they will answer charges of unlawful wounding of Kalonga during a forced circumcision. The victim reported his ordeal to police before being referred to Mangochi District Hospital where he was treated as an outpatient,” said Nyaude.

He said that Kalonga plies [his trade as a] cyclist transporter at Mangochi town and on August 8, 2012 he was hired by Suwedi to take him to Ntagaluka Mosque where he ended up being forcefully circumcised.

“Kalonga explained that they stopped at Ntagaluka Mosque upon being advised by Suwedi that he wanted to collect some items in a nearby grass-thatched hut. Suwedi is said to have come out of the hut few minutes later and advised him to enter as well for some discussions.

“But when Kalonga entered, he found Suwedi’s accomplice Adam inside who smiled at him, saying he was welcomed. This shocked Kalonga who tried to escape but he was grabbed,” said Nyaude.

Then Suwedi undressed Kalonga as his counterpart Adam was preparing a razorblade which was used to circumcise him.

Within minutes, the compulsory mission was accomplished cutting off Kalonga’s foreskin. He spent a night there and he was released on August 9, 2012, the day he decided to report the matter to the police.

He said the police were still cross-examining the two suspects to establish their intention behind the forced circumcision on Kalonga.

KENYA: Men to be bribed, babies to "volunteer", for cut

So now, bribery.

Coastweek (Kenya)
August 17-23, 2012

Making HIV male circumcision programmes more sustainable

By Bedah Mengo
In some areas in the East African nation, the government partners are giving a token to those who come to be circumcised

NAIROBI (Xinhua) -- Kenya has stepped up efforts to increase access to Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision (VMMC) services in bid to make the programme sustainable.

Dr Athanasius Ochieng, VMMC Manager at National AIDS/STD Control Programme (Nascop) said ...The more people we circumcise, the more the costs go down because of economies of scale,” ...

Ochieng explained that Kenya is seeking to bring down the cost to 27 dollars per individual.
The VMMC expert noted that currently, the government and its partners are using about 40 U.S dollars to circumcise every man in the programme that has received praise across the world.
“This is too expensive for the government and donor partners. It is unsustainable. The costs can come down only if the number of people who are circumcised increases,” he said.

“This can come down further if the number of people increases. A huge number in every centre will ensure that the surgeons and other staff are effectively utilised,” he said. Currently, he noted that some centres do not achieve their targets, which makes costs go up because the surgeons, who are on salary, are paid yet they are not efficiently utilised.

To increase the number of people accessing the services, Ochieng said the government is targeting older men above 55 years and women. [???]

“Most of those people who have gone through VMMC are younger men below 25 years. This shows that there is a gap in the other age groups. We have initiated campaigns to reach out to the older men, who statistics indicate are exposed to HIV virus due to cultural practices, among other things,” he said. [So wouldn't it make more sense to address the cultural practices?]

...

Ochieng said they are holding more sensitisation [!] forums in the region and in the capital, where more people have also undergone the cut to create demand.

...

“Among old men, we found out that stigma and age is a great concern. Many old people believe that due to their advancing age, they do not need to undergo the cut since they may not be predisposed to HIV but this is not the case,” he said.

Fear of stigma is another concern for old men because many note they should not get circumcised at the same time with men young enough to be their children.

For women, Onchiri said that they are using them to reach out to men and their sons.
“Experience has shown that women are good agents, who can convince their men and sons to get circumcised,” he said.

Research indicates that male circumcision is beneficial to both men and women.
“VMMC reduces the risk of HIV infection among men and limits women’s exposure to the virus. This makes the procedure the best method in fighting HIV,” said Onchiri. [But condoms provide strong, direct protection to both partners.]

In some areas in the East African nation, Ochieng explained that government partners are giving a token to those who come to be circumcised.

“Those who come to VMMC centres are given some small amount of money, about 2 dollars so that this can encourage their colleagues to visit the centre for the minor surgery,” said Ochieng, who noted that the method is being used in Turkana.

Kenya, according to Nascop, is also considering introducing infant and early childhood VMMC to boost male cut for health reasons. [No infant has ever volunteered for circumcision. No study has ever shown any effect of infant circumcision on HIV transmission.]

According to Nascop, Kenya intends to circumcise 860,000 men by 2014. “If we achieve our target by that year, we would have averted about 2 million HIV infections by the year 2025,” he said.[That figure is Just Made Up.]
...








AMSTERDAM: Doctors' ethicists rebuts rabbi

Katholieknieuwsblad (Amsterdam)
16 augustus 2012

Ontmoedig besnijden van jongens

Gert van Dijk
Onlangs verscheen in KN een artikel van rabbijn Lody van de Kamp, waarin deze de staf breekt over het feit dat artsenfederatie KNMG een ontmoedigingsbeleid voor jongensbesnijdenis bepleit. Toch zijn de redenen voor zo'n ontmoedigingsbeleid duidelijk.
Jongensbesnijdenis mag alleen uitgevoerd worden door artsen, er worden medische voordelen aan toegeschreven, en artsen worden regelmatig geconfronteerd met complicaties van besnijdenis. Besnijdenis is in strijd met de belangrijkste regel voor artsen 'in de eerste plaats niet schaden' en de regel dat kinderen, die niet zelf kunnen beslissen, alleen behandeld mogen worden wanneer dat in hun medische belang is. Dat is het uitgangspunt van de KNMG, de organisatie van en voor artsen.
Schadelijkheid
Het Internationaal Verdrag voor de Rechten van het Kind (IVRK) zegt dat de overheid er zorg voor moet dragen dat schadelijke traditionele gewoontes worden afgeschaft. Wetenschappelijk staat onomstotelijk vast dat besnijdenis schadelijk is. Bij een besnijdenis wordt 25 tot 50 procent van het gezonde huidweefsel van de penis verwijderd. Bij een volwassen man heeft de voorhuid ongeveer de oppervlakte van een ansichtkaart. Direct na de operatie ontstaat bij twee tot vijf procent van de jongens een infectie of bloeding, waarvoor soms ziekenhuisopname nodig is.
Veel jongens (tot twintig procent) krijgen later een plasbuisvernauwing, wat tot problemen met plassen en de blaas kan leiden. Nog later krijgen besneden mannen en hun partners veel vaker seksuele problemen dan niet-besneden mannen, omdat een besneden penis minder gevoelig is. Ook beklagen veel mannen zich over het feit dat zij zonder hun toestemming zijn besneden. Eventuele medische voordelen – zoals een mogelijk verkleinde kans op HIV-overdracht – zijn pas op latere leeftijd relevant en vormen geen rechtvaardiging voor besnijdenis in de kindertijd.
Discriminerend
Het IVRK zegt ook dat tussen jongens en meisjes niet gediscrimineerd mag worden. Het is dan ook opmerkelijk dat in Nederland alle vormen van meisjesbesnijdenis zijn verboden – ook in de symbolische vorm, waarbij geen weefsel wordt weggenomen – en dat jongensbesnijdenis wel wordt gedoogd. Zouden joodse en islamitische jongens niet evenzeer moeten worden beschermd door de wet als meisjes?
Religieuze vrijheid of lichamelijke integriteit?
Het debat over jongensbesnijdenis wordt vaak gezien als een tegenstelling tussen het recht op lichamelijke integriteit van het kind en het recht op religieuze vrijheid van de ouders. Wat daarbij vaak wordt vergeten is dat het IVRK ook het kind recht op vrijheid van godsdienst garandeert. Deze vrijheid impliceert dat het is toegestaan om een kind religieus op te voeden, maar dat het kind de vrijheid moet houden om later een andere opvatting te kiezen. Dit betekent dat het kind gevrijwaard moet blijven van onomkeerbare lichamelijke religieuze tekens.
Een Duitse rechter oordeelde onlangs dat het recht op religieuze vrijheid van de ouders begrensd wordt door het recht op lichamelijke integriteit van het kind. Die juridische uitspraak past in een debat over jongensbesnijdenis dat in vrijwel de hele westerse wereld wordt gevoerd, ook binnen religieuze groeperingen. In Israël is een groeiende groep ouders die afziet van de besnijdenis.
Sociale druk
Veel ouders die de besnijdenis toch laten uitvoeren, doen dat vanwege sociale druk van (groot)ouders, niet vanuit religieuze gevoelens. In Amerika is een groeiende groep joodse ouders die, samen met religieuze leiders, alternatieve rituelen hebben ontwikkeld waarbij het kind wel wordt opgenomen in de religieuze gemeenschap, maar de integriteit van het kinderlichaam niet wordt geschonden.
Groeiend verzet
Het groeiende verzet tegen jongensbesnijdenis komt dus niet alleen uit medische en seculiere hoek, maar ook vanuit de religieuze gemeenschap zelf. Het debat heeft niets te maken met antisemitisme of anti-religiositeit, zoals wel eens wordt gesuggereerd. Het is wel een uiting van een groeiend besef dat kinderen dezelfde fundamentele mensenrechten hebben als volwassenen. Als het niet toegestaan is om een volwassen man tegen diens wil te besnijden, waarom zou dat bij een kind dan wel mogen?
Persoonlijke keuze
Besnijdenis is een persoonlijke keuze, waarvoor mensen verschillende redenen kunnen hebben. Gelukkig leven we in een land waarin het mensen vrij staat die keus te maken. Maar laat het dan wel een keus zijn die de persoon zelf maakt. Want uiteindelijk is er maar één iemand die mag beslissen over het al dan niet verwijderen van een gezond deel van het lichaam, en dat is de man zelf.
Gert van Dijk is ethicus bij de KNMG.
Lees hier het artikel van Lody van de Kamp.
Catholic News (Amsterdam)
August 16, 2012

Against circumcision of boys

By Gert van Dijk
Recently an article appeared in KN by Rabbi Lody van de Kamp, who hauls me over the coals [literally "breaks the staff"] about the fact that the Royal Dutch Medical Association (KNMG) advocates to discourage circumcision of boys. Yet the reasons for such discouragement are clear.
Circumcision of boys may be performed only by physicians, when there are medical benefits attributed, and doctors are often confronted with complications of circumcision. Circumcision is contrary to the cardinal rule for doctors 'in the first place, do no harm' and to the rule that children who are not able to decide should only be treated when it is necessary for them medically. That is the premise of the KNMG, the organization of and for physicians.
Destructiveness
The International Convention on the Rights of the Child (ICRC) says that the government is required to ensure that harmful traditional practices be abolished. The science is undeniable that circumcision is harmful. A circumcision means 25 to 50 percent of the healthy tissue of the penis is removed. A man's [fore]skin has about the surface area of a postcard. Immediately after the operation, an infection or bleeding occurs in two to five percent of the boys, which sometimes requires hospitalization.
Many boys (up to twenty percent) later get a stricture of the urethra, causing problems with urination and possibly bladder problems. Still later circumcised men and their partners get sexual problems more often than non-circumcised men, because a circumcised penis is less sensitive. Also, many men complain about the fact that they were circumcised without their consent. Any medical benefits - such as a possible reduced risk of HIV transmission - are relevant at a later age and are no justification for circumcision in childhood.
Discriminatory
The ICRC also says that there may not be discrimination between boys and girls. It is also noteworthy that in the Netherlands all forms of female circumcision are forbidden - even in symbolic form, with no tissue being removed - but that circumcision of boys is tolerated. Are Jewish and Muslim boys not equally protected by law as girls?
Religious freedom or physical integrity?
The debate about circumcision of boys is often seen as a contradiction between the right of the child to physical integrity and the right of parents to religious freedom. What emerges is often forgotten, that the ICRC also guarantees the child's right to freedom of religion. This freedom implies that it is permissible for a child to be educated in religion, but that the child should keep the freedom to choose a different opinion later. This means that the child should remain protected from irreversible physical religious characteristics.
A German court recently ruled that the right to religious freedom of parents is limited by the right to physical integrity of the child. This legal ruling fits into a debate about circumcision of boys being conducted in almost the entire Western world, even within religious groups. In Israel, a growing group of parents refrain from circumcising.
Social pressure
Many parents who still perform circumcision do so because of social pressure from their parents and grandparents, not from religious feelings. In America, a growing group of Jewish parents, together with religious leaders, have developed alternative rituals in which the child can be included in the religious community, but the integrity of the child's body is not violated.
Growing resistance
The growing resistance against boys' circumcision is not only from medical and secular society, but also from the religious community itself. The debate has nothing to do with antisemitism or anti-religion, as is sometimes suggested. It is a manifestation of a growing awareness that children have the same fundamental rights as adults. If it is not permissible for a man to be circumcised against his will; why may or should a child be?
Personal choice
Circumcision is a personal choice for which people have different reasons. Fortunately we live in a country where people are free to make that choice. But let it be a choice that the person himself makes, because ultimately there is only one person who should decide whether or not to remove a healthy part of the body, and that is the man himself.
Gert van Dijk is ethicist at the KNMG.
Read here the article by Lody van de Kamp.
[The rabbi took van Dijk to task for saying the Cologne decision was "historical" i.e. epoch-making, with snide references to Nazi history - against which the German Basic Law was a reaction! - and to some case in which a woman died. Basically, anything but discuss the ethics of cutting babies' genitals.]